Cosmic Commentary
This is a platform for refining coinciding physics, linguistic, and mathematical symbolisms, and applying such towards the pursuit of single fundamental “particle” theories.
Contents:
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: Space, Time, Matter, Energy, and Existence
CHAPTER 2: Some General Information
CHAPTER 3: Models
OBSERVATION 0 – Dimensional Protocol
OBSERVATION 1 – A Simple G.U.T.
OBSERVATION 2 – More On The Forces’ Structure
OBSERVATION 3 – Fundamental Ratios
OBSERVATION 4 – Additional Phases Of Matter
OBSERVATION 5 – Black Holes And The Big Bang
OBSERVATION 6 – Energy, Mass, And Matter-Like Objects
OBSERVATION 7 – We Take Up “Distance” In Time The Same As We Do In Space
OBSERVATION 8 – Planck Constants, Quantum Mechanics, And Relativity
OBSERVATION 9 – The Amazing Photon And Other Small Particles
OBSERVATION 10 – Inflationary Period, Seyfert Galaxies, And Quasars
CHAPTER 4: Configuration Physics of a Single Fundamental Particle Closed Universe
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION:
The realm of symbols seems as vast as (1) space (1), and I often (2) laugh (2) at some of the nonsense I conjure while pondering symbols describing symbols. For example, you are currently reading simple picture symbols, called letters, which form more complex symbols, labeled words. In turn, sentences could be thought of as an even trickier symbol. Words and sentences can represent real and conceptual physical configurations, such as (1) an infinite empty volume (1) and a (2) sound of enjoyment made in response to a joke (2), and can accurately convey this information between parties depending on the congruency of individuals’ personal semantics. I used the (1), (2), and underlines above, three other symbols, as well as the meaning of the past few sentences, to reference complex symbols describing the configurations of other complex symbols physical counterparts. Now, count how many times the word word and the word symbol have appeared, and then think about how the words word and symbol describe themselves. This connection of so many symbols to so many others, in an ever growing collection, seems to both help and hinder the pursuit of information. When trying to describe a complex system to a certain degree of accuracy, or is it precision, the need for clarity becomes paramount. This led me to wonder how current symbol-based models of language, math, and science are made to coincide with their described “existential” or “physical” experiences.
Commonly, it consists of a looping cycle. Starting with an observation, it moves to the creation and relation of said symbols, and then on to a trial/error refinement process. From there, it becomes an accepted, rejected, or adapted model, which leads to consequences of its advent. Finally, some of those consequences sometimes point to something independent from the intent of the model, and get deemed worth further observation. Considering that tangible breakthroughs can be born from observations about symbol systems, all of which can be converted into a spoken/written symbol system, some unknowns seem to spring from an inaccurate choice of words. Others seem to arise from missing words. Focus science’s linguistic algorithm and new equations will fall into place. Refine science’s mathematical algorithm and new words arise. A noted, yet oversimplified by me example of this, was Einstein’s math symbols saying space and time were related while language symbols still held they were unique. Space-time is now a common concept. The ideas of this writing come from searching physics models for linguistic and mathematic similarities and differences, and then offering possible avenues of re-mapping that information into a more inclusive symbol model that better captures its own coincidence. If anyone reading this can improve the models further, please do so and share it on.
CHAPTER 1: Space, Time, Matter, Energy, and Existence
One place to begin seems like space. Define an empty Space called the NON-RELATIVE SPACE DIMENSION (NRSD). This is analogous to a PURE VACUUM space, however, I chose the word non-relative so as to convey both a non relate-tive state as well as a non-relativistic state. I chose the word dimension from convention, but vacuum or realm may actually work better here for the fact that dimensions are exactly what the NRSD is missing. A more catchy title might be spatial vertigo dimension, but oh well. In conceiving this dimension, the directions or ideas of up-down, left-right, and forward-backward do not exist, because they only exist, when defined relative to something. In other words, opposites imply relate-tivity, which then generates the need for relativity, but more on that later. Since this is just space with nothing in it to relate to, there exists the state of directional vertigo. It is just space itself. The NRSD can only have the values 0 or 1, representing whether it is present or not.
Next, and in the same fashion as before, define an empty Time called the NON-RELATIVE TIME DIMENSION (NRTD). In this dimension, before, present, and after, do not conceptually exist, because they only exist when defined relative to sometime. Sometime being a base unit point or event. Since this is just time with notime (analogous to nothing but with a temporal bias) in it to relate to, it causes temporal vertigo. It is just time itself. The NRTD can also only have the values 0 or 1, representing whether it is present or not.
Then one could allow spatial displacements, previously restricted, and thus label DIRECTION RELATIVE SPATIAL DIMENNSIONS (DRSD). In a basic Cartesian model for example, the 3 DRSDs, left-right, up-down, and forward-backward, show direction using three 90-degree angles in an orthogonally defined configuration. These directions allow the observation and labeling of spatial displacements between the origin and the endpoint of a system in any direction. Traditionally, opposite collinear directions such as left and right are considered 1 dimension resulting in 3 spatial dimensions. However, physics may find greater use in modeling opposite directions as separate dimensions, resulting in 6 spatial dimensions. More on the suggestion of this is given later. The DRSD can also only have the values 0 or 1, representing whether it is present or not.
Finally, one could allow temporal displacements and label a DIRECTION RELATIVE TIME DIMENSION (DRTD). In the standard system, the basic unit of time is set equal to the occurrence of a physical phenomenon, currently related to the decay of Cesium atoms. This DRTD allows one to measure temporal displacements between the beginning and ending of a system. The DRTD can also only have the values 0 or 1, representing whether it is present or not.
So where does this lead? Well, the model has 2 non-relative dimensions and 4 direction relative dimensions (3 for space and 1 for time). The 2 non-relative dimensions, the NRSD and the NRTD, are similar in that both are labeled as “dimensions” for convenience, but as their descriptions state, neither has directions or measurement. Again, one might prefer the labels realm or vertigo just as well. And the 4 direction relative dimensions, the DRSDs and the DRTD, are similar in that they provide relative-ly defined direction allowing measurement and displacement.
Space
Time
Non-Relative
NRSD
NRTD
Direction Relative
DRSD
DRTD
The direction relative dimensions should be thought of as stating that directions exist in an inertial relativistic way. Current physical, linguistic, and mathematical symbolism suggest that the Space and Time aspects of the dimensions are unified more accurately as space-time. Applying this stipulation to the NRSD and the NRTD means they could not exist without each other. The same goes for the DRSD and the DRTD. The non-relative and direction relative aspects of the dimensions do not compare the same way. Comparatively, the existences of the infinite non-relative dimensions are independent, but the existences of the finite direction relative dimensions depend on, or are superimposed upon, the non-relative ones. In short, something layered on top of nothing, which is not the same as something from nothing. One could posit that time and space can exist independently of each other, but that event, purely conceptual within the current model, would occur beyond an observable universe, and thus leads to topics outside the scope of this endeavor. From this, comes a place to start writing a basic recipe for physical existence. Existence seems to require at least a space and a time. Intuitively, one might start by writing:
Existence of NRSD = Existence of NRTD eq0-0
Existence of DRSD = Existence of DRTD eq0-1
Existence of Non-Relative Space-Time = NRSD + NRTD eq1
However, equation 1 allows the value of existence to be positive when only one condition is met, and it needs to be 0, and only positive, when both conditions are met. So instead, multiply to get:
Existence of Non-Relative Space-Time = (NRSD) * (NRTD) eq2
This assures an affirmative condition value of 1 only happens when both requirements are met, and that 0 appears otherwise. Well this seems like a good start, but the recipe needs something else. Since this is a physical model, there needs to be some physical thing to model. The definition of matter as having mass and taking up space implicitly requires a direction relative spatial component. This in turn necessitates a direction relative temporal dimension (eq0-1). The definition of energy as the capacity to do work, and the subsequent definition of work as applying a force over a distance, again requires a direction relative spatial component. Mathematically, direction implies a relative relation to at least 1 point or unit chunk in space or time. Physics constructions require that tangible point to be a space-time object.
One could now state that non-relative space-time by itself is not sufficient for the existence of energy and matter, and to reiterate, it is actually the existence of energy or matter that causes an IMPURE VACUUM. For energy to exist, it needs matter, space, and time. For matter to exist, it needs energy, space, and time. Where energy and matter have a 0 or 1 value, the equation becomes:
Existence of Relativistic Space-Time = {(NRSD) * (NRTD) * Energy} or {(NRSD) * (NRTD) * Matter} eq3
Existence of Matter = (NRSD) * (NRTD) * Energy eq4
Existence of Energy = (NRSD) * (NRTD) * Matter eq5
Existence of DRSD = Existence of DRTD = Existence of Matter = Existence of Energy eq6
These equations simply tell us, that if a positive value answer is obtained, specifically 1, then the specific conditions for physical existence have been met. This path of exploration compels a more detailed critique of energy and matter. What facts should be considered to build this model?
Examining modern physics fundamentals, one immediately finds properties, conditions, and relationships between matter and energy that have already been mapped. Scrutinizing, one also notices discrepancies in trying to relate all the equations used to model said theories. This can be the next starting point. The model should seek to solve these current symbol collisions while remaining effective for most or all of the existing models.
CHAPTER 2: Some General Information
The components of Energy needed for existence are defined in the metric unit system as follows.
E = (kg * m2) / (s2) = Joules (J) eq7
What then are the qualities of mass? Taken linguistically, this formula biases kilograms, meters, and seconds as a basis for the components of energy. However physically, there is no bias as to whether matter is a base component of energy or vice versa. So it can also be written that for mass M:
M = (J * s2) / (m2) = Kilograms (kg) eq7-1
To that end, the MKS standard should most likely be updated to MJ/KS as to include energy (Meters for Distance, Energy-per-Kilogram (J/K) for Energy-Density, and Seconds for Time). One might notice how these equations satisfy eq5 and eq4, respectively, with components of mass, space, time, and energy. Current science also posits from conservation of energy that within a closed system;
E total = KE + PE eq8
E final = E initial → KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf eq9
Modern consensus recognizes 4 forces of nature including gravity, although, it is now more commonly thought of as an intermediary, quasi, or sudo force based on geometry rather than a “direct” one. The 4 are Gravitational, Weak, Strong-Color, and Electromagnetic (G, W, S, EM). There are models for each, with the suspicion that they relate in a Grand Unified Theory (GUT), but still no concrete symbol connection.
Science has 2 developed models of systems that seem to relate, the General Relativistic Model and the Quantum Mechanical Model, that would also have to be worked into a GUT, but it can’t quite relate them as precisely as some might like.
Science has wave-particle duality that describes 2 related observations of the properties of energy-matter dependant on how it is recorded.
Science has mathematical singularities in the Big Bang, in Black Holes, and in the center of gravity-like objects where its mathematical symbol models break down. Some of these models have special cases or result in pointing to specialized phenomena.
Science has photons, with uncertainty in its description of their nature.
Science has a large list of atomic particles. It has mapped and grouped many of these particles according to similarities and differences.
Science has lists of scalar constants that have been calculated and refined to our best accuracy.
Many who ponder the above information suspect there is something missing that ties it all together. If it is assumed there is, then it is left to find the bridge between understanding these topics and what is already theorized. Any hypothesis can be considered as long as it correlates the data and doesn’t cause too many side effects, especially those violating previously verified occurrences. If it’s a testable model, that’s best. To help this model be successful, one can try to answer, “What is the easiest way, or the least amount of assumptions that can be made, in order to relate the above observances?”
CHAPTER 3: Models
The more I consider these enigmas, the more it seems they do relate. While I have some understanding of physics, it seems I don’t know nearly enough to track all the implications of all the hypotheses made in this paper. Due to these limits, I have tried to indicate where the largest gaps arise with bullets and/or highlighting, and I encourage anyone to attempt to fill in these holes and update the model and me with your progress. It’s up to the readers, to help make the pieces fit.
OBSERVATION 0 – DIMENSIONAL PROTOCOL
Commonly, spatial conceptions treat directional dimensions in linear fashion. That is, like a line, extending infinitely in opposite 180-degree manner. On the other hand, time flow is commonly conceived in ray fashion only moving forward from a point. I.e., you can move back and forth in space, but only grow older in time. Consider “Cartesian-like” motion in 6 ray-like dimensions. Allowing these 6 perpendicular (3-pair anti-collinear) ray-like spatial directional dimensions, instead of 3 line-like ones, makes moving through space “look” a lot more like moving through time. In fact, one can then neatly state that we exist in ray-like 7-D (6 spatials and 1 temporal). Imagine walking forward and then turning around and retracing your steps. Now, instead of “walking back in the opposite direction you came”, you treat it as still moving forward, just in the opposite dimension. In this way, one can only ever move forward in space, the same way one can only ever move forward through time. If Einstein’s idea, that space and time are unified as space-time, is applied to physicality via a light cone, then the quandary arises, that if one can’t move backward in time, one shouldn’t be able to move backward in space. Consider the total cosmic motion of anything on earth. While something might seem relatively still, it is hurling through space rather rapidly, so that nothing earthbound ever has a chance of recovering an actual former universal position at a former time. This model points out that you can move through time, and are already a time traveler moving towards some point in the future, away from some point in the past. You are an occurring event. To stop time in one dimension would require at least a second ray-like time dimension perpendicular to the first, and to travel “back and forth” through time would require at least a second ray-like time dimension in the opposite direction of the first.
Next, consider an object in 6 ray-like perpendicular (3 pairs collinear) dimensions. For starters, imagine a cube. From the point of view of the center of the cube, it exists forward in all 6 dimensions. However, from the point of view of a corner, when any surface of the cube is parallel to a coordinate system plane, it only exists forward in 3 dimensions. In fact, any finite 6-D object existing in an infinite ray-like 6-D dimension can be viewed from a perspective point that shows the object as only existing forward in 3 dimensions. Similarly, any line segment existing on a line can be viewed from such a point on that line as to show the segment as existing forward in only 1 dimension. Since the measure of a finite object in the DRSD is a measure of relative displacements, and line segments represent these, although that object exists in all 6 ray dimensions, its spatial displacement at any given moment can be condensed to be at most 3-line-dimensional from some point of view. Throughout this paper I often still use 3D, 1D, space, time language due to convention. However, I will try and suggest using a 7-D space-time-energy-matter (S.T.E.M or just stem) perspective, when relevant, for developing mathematical models.
OBSERVATION 1 – A SIMPLE G.U.T.
I am attempting to write equations to represent relationships that must be satisfied in this model of the universe. Later, they need to equate, or rather, fit together. For now I say Simple G.U.T. because I begin in mostly Newtonian style. The complete fitting together must evolve from considering all the equations of the model as the elements or subsets of a single larger set or algorithm and then seeking the mathematical, physical, and linguistic equations that relate element to subset to whole set. Of course, this whole set would not be solely Newtonian, and would at least have to be Einsteinian-like, as well as quantum like. So, I ask, what other relationships are readily observable, or result from the previous stances of this paper? From eq8 and eq9, note that total initial and final energies are related to total and initial potential and kinetic energies. Physics recognizes forces in 4 parts. In what seems to me to be the easiest way to start writing a Grand Unified Theory, these forces of the universe can be related with the following equation. T stands for total, KE is Kinetic Energy, and PE is Potential Energy.
ET = KET + PET = GET + EMET + WET + SET eq10
This equation says that the total Energy of a system is equal to the sum of its Kinetic energy and its Potential energy, which is also equal to, the sum of the energies negotiated by the 4 forces; Gravitational energy, Electromagnetic energy, Weak Nuclear energy, and Strong Nuclear energy. Of course, one can make a more complete notation by separating the kinetic and potential of each force, in which case you get:
ET = KET + PET = GPET + GKET + EMPET + EMKET + WPET + WKET + SPET + SKET eq10-2
Or, considering eq9, one could write the lengthier:
E final = E initial → GPEi + GKEi + EMPEi + EMKEi + WPEi + WKEi + SPEi + SKEi = GPEf + GKEf + EMPEf + EMKEf + WPEf + WKEf + SPEf + SKEf eq10-3
When these quantities of energy, matter, dimensional space, and dimensional time reach certain Critical Ratios, like near the beginning of the Big Bang or in a black hole, the forces join and become indistinguishable or separate and become unique. This can be likened to phase changes in matter and leads understanding of why eq10 seems to hold true in the universe to an examination of the big bang, black holes, and matter phase behavior.
OBSERVATION 2 – MORE ON THE FORCES’ STRUCTURE
The 4 forces all map in some way as radial and linearly independent. With radial I include that force varies over r and that for any given r force is in some way proportional. No motion or force acting along one axis can be translated in to a combination of motions acting along the other axes.
Due to these similarities, a total force (FT) equation for the 4 forces seems mathematically constructible. A generalization of the FT field equation in Newtonian Algebraic style is then:
FT = G + EM + W + S =
FT = (-(Gm1m2) / r2) ± ((kq1q2) / r2) ± (W) –(S) eq11
I have left W and S in eq11 without a more specific formula because I haven’t yet found simple algebraic equations for the fields with respect to distance. This is not to say they do not exist. More specifically, for the strong force S, which is a result of the quarks “color force”, science observes that at 0m the force goes to 0, at about 10-15m it’s at a maximum, and that at >10-15m it quickly drops to 0. The empirical formula for the S force potential is related to nuclear binding energies and therefore probably relates to Weizsacker’s formula. S is asymptotically attractive. For W, data show that it uses the exchange of intermediate vector bosons to convert quark flavor, and that its influence drops to 0 after about 10-18m. G and S are negative and EM is ± because this supports modern data and syntax convention. I’m not sure about W. I have guessed W to act as either ± like EM for two reasons. One, W and EM are already unified in electro-weak theory and there is a neat symmetry between the proton, neutron, electron group and the W+, Z, W- group, so I think it may be modeled by this characteristic, and two, data show it is not a mathematically unaltered inverse square, leaving the possible symmetry in the forces.
ATTRACTIVE
ATTRACTIVE OR REPULSIVE
INVERSE SQUARE
Gravity
Electromagnetic
MIN, MAX, MIN
Strong
? Weak?
At this point, researchers have farmed enough data that even equations from a best-fit curve taken directly from experimental observations of the strength of these forces would probably vector in the right directions for the S and W equations. Note, that I used equations relating forces between objects. You may find it easier or more worthwhile to use potentials (like FG = -Gm1 / r) instead.
OBSERVATION 3 – FUNDAMENTAL RATIOS
From eq6, eq8, and eq10 come some seemingly fundamental concepts describing interactions in the universe. They deal with energy, matter, space, time, and their corresponding relationships. It seems then, that each individual relationship between these topics would be important. Quantitatively, if Joules (J) represents the amount of the quality energy, kilograms (kg) the amount of the quality matter, meters (m) the amount of the quality space, and seconds (s) the amount of the quality time, then some of the possible important fundamental ratios are as follows.
J / kg – energy per mass R1
J / Vo – energy per volume R2
J / s – energy per time R3
kg / Vo – mass per volume R4
kg / s – mass per time R5
Vo / s – volume per time R6
In these examples, volume (Vo) = m3, rather than distance, is used to represent space. Note, that one can just as easily write the reciprocal relationships of each ratio. R1 represents velocity2 (v2). R2 represents pressure. R3 represents power. R4 represents density. R5 and R6 represent flow. However, this is only a small number of the common combinations of these units. At this time, I realize that for this section to continue, I should start with a study of units, each listed in MKS units.
OBSERVATION 4 – ADDITIONAL PHASES OF MATTER
Elementary education first teaches that there are 3 kinds of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Later, perhaps in modern physics, one learns that there are 2 additional states: Bose-Einstein Condensate and Plasma. But what are these “phases”, and what is going on here? Phases are indicative of how much energy an object or object group has and what configurations it is in. Phase changes occur at critical temperatures. At a phase change the configuration of matter and energy is changing. In plasma for example, when a gas’s temperature/energy rises sufficiently, there is enough energy for some electrons to move freely, unattached from their nuclei. Why stop the labeling of this phenomenon with plasma?
Instead, it seems phases can be considered in the general model. That is, “When quantities of energy, matter, dimensional space, and dimensional time reach certain critical ratios, a phase change occurs, and that on each side of this adaptation, matter can be labeled as being in a different state.” Therefore, there are at least 3 other states that could be labeled.
Bose-Einstein Condensate ¨ Solid ¨ Liquid ¨ Gas ¨ Plasma ¨ EM and W forces unified with S and G separate ¨ EM, W, and S forces unified with G separate ¨ All 4 forces unified
For amusement, I shall dub these states as STRONG-PLASMA, GRAVI-GAS, and COSMOID. I stated above that these 3 extras were at least the states that should be considered. I leave open the possibility for practical phases between these that more accurately map particle mixtures, but my current knowledge does not allow me to articulate what these specific points would be. Also, I leave room for the chance of phases such as wherein the W and S forces are unified but the EM and G forces are unique. Or, there may even be one wherein S and EM are unified but W and G are unique. Sub-atomically, these should be “viewed like plasma”, but with the free particle being a different one than the electron. While I currently deem these last 2 options unlikely, where the possibilities of these alternate phase configurations originate is pursued later.
The placement of the phases above was chosen to correspond to a current scientific view of the original splitting of the forces after the Big Bang. A next logical step would be to describe these phases, and accordingly, they are high-temperature, high-energy phases. To elaborate further seems to require following two approaches. The first path is that of the subatomic particles, where each particle is considered for a phase and is described as either acting as usual, or as having given up or taken on a quality of freedom due to the change. Alas, my current knowledge of plasma cosmology does not permit me to do so. The second path, one I can tread at least partially down, is to continue to draw information from the environment in which such phases are found, namely Astronomy.
OBSERVATION 5 – BLACK HOLES AND THE BIG BANG
I get the sense that science has overcomplicated some of its description of black holes, so I will try to oversimplify and see where that gets. First off, matter is commonly defined as “anything that has mass and takes up space”. Next, don’t forget the conservation of matter-energy. Science has successfully mapped the “edges” of black holes, using a model that includes a Schwarzschild radius, by positing a black hole mass. So, let’s try stating that black holes do have mass, and lots of it, do take up space, they are large, and do absorb energy and other matter. Black holes seem like matter to me! “And what type of matter is it,” might one ask. It is matter in one of the alternate energy phases described above. In a black hole, the quantities of energy, matter, dimensional space, and dimensional time have reached a critical ratio and have reunited. The overall effect of this recombining from the phenomena is that of extreme attraction.
A convenient guess could be made that black holes are in the GRAVI-GAS phase, emitting only gravitational energy. (I’m not familiar with the idea of Hawking Radiation yet to know what I think of it or how it would affect my writing here.) When treated as a solar or cosmic nucleon, further speculation might map a black hole as a group of particles, consisting of at least 2 GRAVI-GAS type particles, held together by a GRAVI-GAS binding energy. Right before the big bang, for a contraction model, and immediately after, for many current models, the universe was in a COSMOID phase, according to this model’s terminology, and a certain amount of energy-matter was crammed into a little itty bit of space-time. In a universal contraction model, everything converges, similar to a black hole pulling everything in. Science also models, that during the Big Bang, there was relative-ly a ton of energy but little mass. And, it says that energy has been exchanged for matter ever since, leaving tons of matter. This helps formulate an idea for the purpose of black holes.
If a Big Bang releases a ton of energy and starts the process of a large-scale conversion to matter, then a black hole might absorb a ton of matter and start converting it into stored energy. Black holes are then likened to giant gravity batteries or nuclear cores, storing energy until a critical ratio or instability is reached when it can release it once again. Finally, consider the similarities between a big bang, a black hole, and our universe. The matter in the big bang volume could not escape, matter in a black hole does not escape, and nothing can escape the universe. From some imagined macro external perspective, we exist in a black hole.
OBSERVATION 6 – ENERGY, MASS, AND MATTER-LIKE OBJECTS
While it is charted that energy and mass RELATE via mathematical symbolism, by equations like E = (1/2) mv2 and E = mc2, and that their existences COINCIDE via physical symbolism, it should not be claimed via linguistic symbolism that energy IS matter, but rather, that energy and matter describe different aspects of an encompassing energy-matter. For example, I can go to the apple on my counter and pick it up. I can hold it, lift it, and throw it. However, I can’t go to the hardware store and buy a bushel of energy, throw it in the back of my car, and drive home with it. Sure we can store energy, as in a tank of gas, but this always takes place with the help of tangible matter.
This is similar to how relativity views space-time. While on one level it recognizes space-time as a single entity, on another level, it separates their coincidence. It does so adjectively, by using the terms time-like, space-like, and light-like. This is when it is helpful to have carefully defined terms of what dimension is really being referenced. For review, see chapter one. Relativity maps space-time, and views objects’ events in the DRSD and the DRTD as space-like, having more spatial characteristics, or time-like, having more temporal characteristics. Light-like is reserved for light, which is said to be equally like space and time. This same concept can be applied to matter and energy.
So what then distinguishes whether something is matter-like or energy-like aside from the method of observation? Can it be quantified? The terms particle-like and wave-like work equally well here. I haven’t yet thought of a conventional linguistic term representing the intersection set when something is equally (matter/particle)-like and (energy/wave)-like, so I call it duality-like. Starting with total, potential, and kinetic relativistic energy gives these equations.
Ek = gmc2 – mc2 eq12
Ep = mc2 eq13
ET = gmc2 eq14
g = 1 / (1-(u2 / c2))1/2 eq15
Now ask more specifically, “When does an object’s relativistic kinetic energy overcome its potential energy?” Below this point, more of an object’s total energy is due to its mass, and above this point, more of its energy is due to its motion. By evaluating eq12 ³ eq13 it is calculated that this happens when g > 2. Solving for u shows this occurring when an objects velocity is greater than .866c. Did you happen to notice that this number conveniently sits on a 30-60-90 triangle with c as the hypotenuse?
Therefore, state that objects with velocity > .866c are more energy-wave-like, that those below this value are more matter-particle-like, and that those with this value are duality like. I suspect that the use of this concept may help at some juncture.
OBSERVATION 7 – WE TAKE UP “DISTANCE” IN TIME THE SAME AS WE DO IN SPACE
Matter and energy are quantized, matter by its smallest particles, and energy by its basest configurations. From previous definitions, remember that the DRSD and the DRTD coexist with matter and energy, and that measurement could not occur otherwise. Therefore, since matter and energy are quantized, so must be the DRSD and DRTD. Try thinking of it this way. The quantum of the DRSD would be the closest distance two objects can be next to each other without touching and becoming one object. And similarly, the quantum of the DRTD would be the closest separation in time two moments can have without touching and becoming one instance.
How can the model apply this? In one sense, the universe is just a big sea of particles and waves depending on perspective. Every particle and wave is interacting with the others in its surroundings. However, science labels objects that represent a group or groups, or a characterization or characterizations of, a particle or particles. It is these objects that cannot get closer than the distance represented by the smallest physical particle in the system. So for example, under current thought, you and I could never be closer than 1 quark apart, and I occupy my space, as you do in yours, from head to toe. Most people have a sense of this, and yet I have not seen it commonly applied to the concept of time.
For time, think about past, present, and future. In the picture below, the top two examples show possible graphical examples of continuous time. This corresponds to the NRTD where one moment (A) touches the next and the whole idea of a precise moment itself is obliterated. The bottom two, correspond to the DRTD and show quantum time. In that case, each moment “takes up” a moment, and is always on average, one moment apart from any other moment. In other words, objects take up a “blip” of time, and though that object calls its blip present, it displaces and holds half-a-blip worth of time in the past and half-a-blip worth of time in the future. It’s the average of this blip segment that acts as a point-like present, just as it is the average of your left arm to your right, or your head to your toes, that is called your spatial center. However, allowing the object to exist anywhen in the blip is a nice way to introduce uncertainty into the mix. The task is then to find the practical minimal distances for such quantum space-time. As it turns out, Planck relations seem a good place to start.
OBSERVATION 8 – PLANCK CONSTANTS, QUANTUM MECHANICS, AND RELATIVITY
Planck’s constants seem like some of the most important constants in our universe (not that constants are intrinsically more or less important). Planck determined that energy can be modeled as quantized and proportional to frequency via a constant. His other constants are determined, by setting equal, 2 quantities for minimal size and observation from both relativity and quantum mechanics. They indeed seem like a bridge for unifying these 2 sides of physics. By setting the event horizon equal to the Compton wavelength, and separately including his original equation, these relations result.
E = hf eq16
Event Horizon (L) = Gm / c2 = h / mc = (lC) Compton Wavelength eq17
Planck Mass (mP) = 5.5 x 10-8 kg eq18
Planck Length (lP) = 4 x 10-35 m eq19
Planck Time (tP) = 1.35 x 10-43 s eq20
From this it is said that, “For Planck time, the mass density (eqR4) of the universe is such, that the mass mP is contained within a volume of dimensions (lP)3.” These numbers seem to relate to the critical ratios for COSMOID matter and to most of our universe in general. The Planck length and time also represent the minimum quantum space-time displacements, and equations can be rearranged to define things in terms of these constants.
Speed of light (c) º lP / tP eq21
Planck’s constant (h) º mP(lP)2 / tP eq22
Gravitational constant (G) º (lP)3 / mP(tP)2 = hc / (mP)2 eq23
Permativity (ε0) and Permeability (μ0) -- ε0μ0 ≡ (tP)2 / (lP)2 eq24
The solution I pursue attempts to accommodate the observation that each equation has c as a constant theme. There is only one fundamental object: the photon or “universalon”.
OBSERVATION 9 – THE AMAZING PHOTON AND OTHER SMALL PARTICLES
I use the word photon here lightly, and must elaborate. I am asserting that there is a single fundamental space-time-energy-matter (STEM) object template. It can adopt many configurations. The smallest configuration is a modern photon, and hence I call it fundamental. The largest configuration is the universe. All larger objects are made from iterations of many photons. All smaller objects are fractions of the universe. For some thought exercise observer outside of, and very far from, the universe, it looks like a photon. The set contains itself. The photon would at least have to be related to gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force, the strong force, charge, Planck’s constants, space-time, wave-particle duality, the permittivity of free space (eq24), the permeability of free space (also eq24), and all the traditionally fundamental particles. Let’s try and look at these.
Gravity – Light is affected by gravity. Light is trapped in black holes. Gravity results from mass’ effect on directional relative space-time, which relates it to matter-energy. Gravity is affected by distance, which relates it to space-time. From this, the photon seems like a particle-wave, with mass and energy, which takes up a certain space and time. Gravity seems to relate to the configuration of photons, and photon configuration possibly propagates the force of gravity.
E&M and Charge – Photons propagate the E&M force. E&M waves move at the speed of light in a vacuum. Subatomic particles have charge. Photons would somehow be responsible for charge. This could be either because they have charge, or because they configure or exchange energy with other photons in such a way as to create the effect of charge. In other words, E&M charge is either inherent, or created as a result of configuration. Electrons and other leptons are most likely a group of photons or photon interactions in a certain configuration.
Weak Force – The weak force is propagated by intermediate vector bosons. Again, these subatomic particles are most likely comprised of photons and quarks in certain configurations. Of course quarks would be photons too. Their overall effect is recognized as the weak force.
Strong force – The strong force is a result of the color force. The color force is a result of photons and other subatomics, comprised of photon configurations, following certain rules.
Planck, Space-Time, and Wave-Particle – Eq21 shows how photons relate to distance (space) and time. As a particle, allow them to occupy approximately 1 Planck Volume (lP)3. Also, allow them to take up 1 Planck Time. As a wave, they have certain energies and frequencies. This aspect of the model is refined and pursued in greater depth in chapter 4.
OBSERVATION 10 – INFLATIONARY PERIOD, SEYFERT GALAXIES, AND QUASARS
Lastly, I compare the concepts of this chapter to some astrological anomalies. During a supernova, there is uncertainty as to how or why its envelope is blown away from the core in a massive explosion of light. In Seyfert galaxies there is a core of light with extreme intensity that varies rapidly. That light shows an emission spectrum, but the source of its enormous energy is unknown. Similar to Seyfert Galaxies are N galaxies, BL Lac objects, and radio galaxies. These objects produce the same troubles as Seyfert galaxies, some, at even higher energies. Then there are quasars, the most distant massive energy objects. Quasars are receding at about .9c. These objects begin to represent the edge of our observable dimensional universe. Finally, there is the question of an inflationary period during the big bang.
In the context of this model, it seems that these unanswered phenomena could be described by considering them in terms of additional states of matter and critical ratio densities. These events are just like nuclear bombs, but in their cases, it is force phase change or force binding energy bombs. When the core of an event reaches certain ratios a release of energy occurs. For a possible inflationary period explanation, this amounts to the rapid expansion being due to a “binding-energy” blast from a GRAVI-GAS to STRONG-PLASMA phase change.
CHAPTER 4: Configuration Physics of a Single Fundamental Particle Closed Universe
Now that the observations and ideas for the inspiration of this model have been pointed out, it seems useful to more formally state the hypothesis and build a precise model from there.
PROPOSITION 1: A MODEL OF THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE EXISTS THAT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF A GIVEN NUMBER OF FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTS. THIS INCLUDES THE LABELED QUALITIES OF THOSE OBJECTS, THE ASSOCIATED QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THOSE OBJECTS’ QUALITIES, AND THE CONFIGURATIONS OF THOSE OBJECTS, THEIR QUALITIES, AND THEIR QUANTITIES IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER THROUGH THE USE OF A LANGUAGE-BASED ALGORITHM THAT INCLUDES MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS.
The current physical model consists of many relating micro-models, positing a given number of fundamental particle/waves and/or systems of particle/waves, with given qualities, and given configurations. In this manner it is consistent with proposition 1. As of yet, a Macro-model has gone undiscovered. This leads to the hypothesis.
HYPOTHESIS 1: A MODEL OF THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE EXISTS THAT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED FROM THE OBSERVATION OF ONE FUNDAMENTAL OBJECT. THIS INCLUDES THE LABELED QUALITIES OF THAT OBJECT, THE ASSOCIATED QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THAT OBJECT’S QUALITIES, AND THE CONFIGURATIONS OF THAT OBJECT, ITS QUALITIES, AND ITS QUANTITIES IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER THROUGH THE USE OF A LANGUAGE-BASED ALGORITHM THAT INCLUDES MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS.
Build an object from 4 qualities of observation:
Existence Qualities (EQ):
EQ 0: All objects have written Existence, Scope and Scale, Interaction, and Relational Qualities of observation. These written qualities’ quantitative physical counterparts correlate to the Relational Qualities written mathematical counterparts’ quantitative physical counterparts. (Basically, this says that the words = the math = the physical, and that some of that relationship is recursive.)
EQ 1: All objects have a space quality with a quantitative counterparts distance, area, and volume.
EQ 2: All objects have a time quality with a quantitative counterpart time span.
EQ 3: All objects have a matter-creation-static quality with a quantitative counterpart mass.
EQ 4: All objects have a motion-distortion-dynamic quality with a quantitative counterpart energy.
EQ 5: All objects are physically closed in 4(7) dimensions with a defined inside, boundary, and outside.
Therefore, basically:
All objects have mass.
All objects have energy.
All objects take up space.
All objects take up time.
All objects are space-time-energy-matter (S.T.E.M.) objects.
Scope and Scale Qualities (SQ):
SQ 1: Some objects can be viewed as minimally fundamental, having no internal objects. (1 actually is, the “photon”)
SQ 2: Some objects can be viewed as maximally fundamental, having no external objects. (1 actually is, the universe)
SQ 3: Some objects are plural, being made from other objects (internally plural).
SQ 4: Some objects are plural, being a part of another object (externally plural)
SQ 5: Some objects are plural, being both (mutually plural).
Therefore:
All minimally fundamental objects are externally plural and they have no internal STEM. They contain an otherwise pure vacuum, or closed space, noting that, a pure vacuum is not contained.
The maximally fundamental object is internally plural and has no external STEM. It exists in an otherwise pure vacuum, or empty space, noting that, a vacuum with one object in it is not quite pure.
Also:
A scale can be formed for fundamentality and plurality (fp), both internally and externally, that ranges from negative the magnitude of the value of plurality of the universe to positive the magnitude of the value of the plurality of the universe. (Roughly -8 to 8)*
An fp of 0 means no object exists.
An fp of 1 means minimally fundamental.
An fp of -1 means maximally fundamental.
An fp with a magnitude of -7 to ≈ 7 means mutually plural.
An fp of “8” means totally internally plural.
An fp of “-8” means totally externally plural.
The external fp of an object X is how a macro object Y, which contains X, views X.
The internal fp of an object X is how it views itself contained in a macro object Y.
Example 1: The smallest basest object is a minimally fundamental object with an external fp of 1 and an internal fp ≈ -8, specifically the photon. It is seen as having no object inside it by all other objects (being fundamental), and sees itself as being in all other objects (being plural).
Example 2: The largest limit object is a totally internally plural object with an external fp ≈ 8 and an internal fp of -1, specifically the universe. It is seen as having all objects inside it by all other objects (being plural), and sees itself as being outside all other objects (being fundamental).
The set of all objects is an object called the universe, also called space-time-energy-matter.
The set of all objects contains itself.
The universe contains itself and space-time contains itself.
Interaction Qualities (IQ):
How a single object interacts:
IQ 1: All objects interact with themselves.
How objects interact together:
IQ 2: An object may split into multiple objects and multiple objects may merge into one.
IQ 3: All objects interact with other objects.
IQ 4: Closer objects and interactions buffer each other from more distant objects and interactions.
IQ 6: Two objects are close if one directly contains the other or if they are both directly contained in the same larger object.
How objects interact with the universe:
Objects simultaneously create and distort space-time-energy-matter while space-time-energy-matter is simultaneously creating and distorting objects.
How the universe acts with itself:
Space-time exists in relation to itself.
Space-time as existing acts objectively absolute.
Space-time as changing acts subjectively relative.
Relational Qualities:
An object’s qualities are given by its fp scale, by how many and what type of other objects it has on each level of its internal and external structure, and by its interactions.
Mass is a measure, taken of an object, which quantifies the creation-distortion ability of its energy, space, and time.
Energy is a measure, taken of an object or at a distance from an object, which quantifies the creation-distortion ability of its mass, space, and time.
4-Volume is a measure, taken of an object or interaction, which quantifies the creation-distortion ability of its mass and energy.
Gravity is a measure, taken at a distance from an object, which quantifies the creation-distortion ability of its mass.
An object may have color.
An object may have flavor.
An object may have charge.
Stored energy and static mass act like created space-time.
Transitional energy and dynamic mass act like distorted space-time.
HYPOTHESIS 2: AT THE INSTANT OF THE BIG BANG, THERE WAS ONE OBJECT, AND ITS FUNDAMENTAL QUALITIES’ QUANTITATIVE COUNTERPARTS WERE GOVERENED BY THE PLANCK CONSTANTS.
Approximate Mass
5.5 x 10-8 kg
Approximate Time Span
1.35 x 10-43 s
Approximate Volume {(lp)3 in Cubic, 4/3πr3 in Spherical with r = ½ lp}
6.4 x 10-104 m3 or 3.4 x 10-104 m3
HYPOTHESIS 3-1: THERE IS A LIMIT ON HOW MUCH MATTER AND ENERGY CAN EXIST IN A GIVEN SPACE DURING A GIVEN TIMEFRAME.
HYPOTHESIS 3-2: THE BIG BANG RESULTED FROM THE OBJECT’S CONFIGURATION REACHING THAT LIMIT AND OVERCOMING ITS OWN GRAVITATIONAL BINDING ENERGY.
The EM force joins with the Weak. There are only 3 forces.
The Strong force joins with the EMW. There are only 2 forces.
The remaining 2 forces, the EMW and the G, reunite at the node between two Planck seconds. This node is the beginning of the big bang and the beginning of the new universe.
They exist together for 1 Planck second (1.35 x 10-43 s) as Cosmoid matter manifesting as a single super force particle wave and not individually. The temporal center of this node is time 0.
At the end of that moment, which is at the next node, Gravity settles out again and there is a Big Bang. This is due to the photon no longer being subject to Gravity as a separate force. This node is end of the actual “bang” process and is the end of the old universe.
The Strong force settles out again at approx. t = 10-34s.
The EM and Weak forces split again at approx. t = 10-11s.
(In other words, there was a large amount of potential energy that was released, 1 Planck time after the 4 forces reunited, due to that fact that the photon was no longer subject to gravity as a separate force)
HYPOTHESIS 3-3: AFTER THAT INSTANT OF THE BIG BANG, THE ONE OBJECT STARTED UNDERGOING “PHOTON MITOSIS”, AND HAS CONTINUED EVER SINCE AS PART OF A UNIVERSAL CREATION PHASE.
Acceleration Phase – Deceleration Phase – Negative Acceleration Phase– Negative Deceleration Phase
So, in order to make this model and these hypotheses functional, it needs to describe the force-splitting-up process from the big bang, and make the connections between the configurations of one or more photons and the conservation laws of physics. This generates something close to the following requirements:
Energy, Matter, and Momentum are conserved.
Relativity is conserved.
Uncertainty is conserved.
Its configuration description generates known wave qualities such as frequency and wavelength.
There is a configuration that generates the quality of Charge.
There is a configuration that generates the quality of Baryon Number.
There is a configuration that generates the quality of Lepton Number.
There is a configuration that generates the quality of Isospin.
There is a configuration that generates the quality of Strangeness.
There is a configuration that generates the quality of Quark Color.
There is a configuration that generates the quality of Parity.
Kinetic Degrees of Freedom are considered.
The permeability of free space is considered
The permativity of free space is considered
Uncertainty – The basic uncertainty relations are:
ΔxΔk ~ 1 (A1)
ΔωΔt ~ 1 (A2)
ΔxΔp ~ ħ (A3)
ΔEΔt ~ ħ (A4)
ΔxΔp ≥ ½ ħ (A5)
ΔEΔt ≥ ½ ħ (A6)
So: Δx = lp which gives ~ 2.5 x 1036 meters for Δk and ~ 2.636 kg*m/s for Δp with Δp ≥ 1.318 kg*m/s
Also: Δt = tp which gives ~ 7.407 x 1042 Hz for Δω and ~ 7.812 x 108 J for ΔE with ΔE ≥ 3.906 x 108 J
Relativity – From before:
Ek = gmc2 – mc2 eq12
Ep = mc2 eq13
ET = gmc2 eq14
g = 1 / (1-(u2 / c2))1/2 eq15
Start with an infinite vacuum, and then let one photon exist. From then on relativity is in effect. Its matter and energy distorts directional space-time in an uncertain but probabilistic way according to the energy-matter nature of the object. It becomes the origin of a coordinate system. Then, u = 0, g = 1, and Ek = 0. This means the photon only has potential energy, which is what one would expect for a big bang.
Also, photons must be able to convert between matter and energy. Imagine 1 photon trapped in a Planck sized box. If its energy is doubled, eq14 tells us its mass must double. And, it follows from eq12 and eq13 that its kinetic and potential both double. Eq16 says its frequency doubles too. Its size remains the same. If its kinetic raises but it can’t travel any faster cause its already at c, then what happens? Well, as the energy rises, so does the mass. This in turn raises the energy and matter densities (R2 and R4), since the volume stays the same. And since it can’t travel faster, it vibrates faster, thus raising its frequency. This also means that while photons do have a tiny rest mass, this rest mass is not constant but rather proportional to energy. The photon is the converter.
CONCLUSION
Well that’s that. I hope you enjoyed this crazy talk. Feel free to add to the model, fix it’s problems, or destroy it all together. Just keep me posted if you feel you have a breakthrough. As always I’m open to physics conversations and your input.
Planck Mass (mP) = 5.5 x 10-8 kg
Planck Length (lP) = 4 x 10-35 m
Planck Time (tP) = 1.35 x 10-43 s
h = 6.62 x 10-34 J*s
ħ = 1.05 x 10-34 J*s